The parathyroid glands are four small glands located behind the thyroid in the neck, though despite their name, they are seperate from the thyroid.

They secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which plays a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphate balance in the body.

A parathyroid adenoma may result in excess production of PTH and lead to hyperparathyroidism and result in elevated blood calcium levels (hypercalcaemia). Hypercalcaemia can cause symptoms such as fatigue, bone loss, kidney stones, and mood changes.

Hypoparathyroidism, in contrast, involves insufficient PTH production, leading to low calcium levels and symptoms like muscle cramps, tingling, or seizures.

It is important to appropriately assess parathyroid function with blood tests, urine tests and imaging. A combination of these tests can help decide on the cause of parathyroid disease and if there is need for medical or surgical intervention.